Today our mentor gave us the opportunity to go to another lab to learn from another researcher, named Ms Shubah. The day started at the e-space where we spent a little time with our group-mates and our mentor for the first week to rehearse our presentation for the innovative challenge. After that we went to meet Ms Shubah who showed us around the lab she was working in and explained to us the technology of the batteries. She explained really thoroughly what each machine was for and the theory behind everything. Unfortunately due to the malfunction of one of the machines we were unable to use it to do some practical things. However, we stil learned alot from her as she told us how it was like working as a researcher, doing her phD and all that. From her, we learnt that a researcher has to be super committed to actually get things done. This day has marked the end of our attachment with Mr Aravinder Vanchiappan, our mentor too. Even though it was only a short 4 days, he still taught us alot and actually took time to accompany us even though he's a very busy man. He even took the initiative to get to know us better and really took care of us. Thank You Mr Aravinder!
MSE work shadowing day 8!
Day 8
Jun Yang and Ying Li's experience (Week 2: Batteries)
Today when we first arrived we met our mentor at the research lab. As always we were greeted by the large and many machinery that walled us in. It seemed like a never ending adventure, coming to a research lab. We went to have our lunch first, before going to the library to do up our innovation challenge. The Lee Wee Nam was huge and full of students studying all around. Perhaps one day that would be us studying at the tables. We thought hard and deep about what we wanted to do for the innovation challenge, and finally agreed on one that we felt was appropriate. You'll have to wait till Friday to find out what it is! Nevertheless as we returned to the lab, we helped ourselves to the pantry where we had tea and waited for our mentor. Unfortunately our mentor informed us that there was some issues that he had to attend to, and our day shortly came to an end.
Sanraj's and Xuan Wei's experience (Week 2: Drug Coating)
Today we measured the weights of the different hydro-gels our mentor prepared before hand. A electronic weighing balance, similar to the ones we have in school, was used. The water in the small containers was taken out (we had to be careful not to accidentally suck in the gel too) before using a spatula to take out the gel. |
| The hydro-gel in their containers |
 |
| The hydro gel being weighed |
Jun Yang and Ying Li's experience (Week 2: Batteries)
MSE work shadowing day 9!
Sanraj's and Xuan Wei's experience (week 2: Drug Coating)
Well today's the last day we were going to step into a lab in NTU during this work-attachment. We were beginning to grow a closer bond to our mentor and did not want to leave when the clock struck 5pm. Anyways, the first half of the day, we worked with the Hydrogel that was used yesterday.
 |
| A sample of the hydrogel inside a valve. |
The hydrogel has a cylindrical shape and is transparent. We were going to set up the hydrogel with the rheometer to find out the stiffness of the hydrogel after finding out the expansion of the hydrogel yesterday.
 |
| The rheometer |
This is the rheometer where the hydrogel will be placed to find out its stiffness.
 |
| The rheometer in action with the hydrogel |
As you can see, the hydrogel is squeezed in this picture on the left using the rheometer. This process is done several times before we can determine the stiffness of the hydrogel by plotting a graph of pressure against frequency on a computer.
Well, the rest of the day we were planning on what were going to present for the following's day presentation. It seemed as if it was like a subject named "Project Work" back at JC where we had to scratch our skulls to come up with the best idea. It is pretty nerve-wrecking but I hope we can pull it off tomorrow. Well, this experience is like no other and we will cherish it till our deathbeds. Thank you Nanyang Technological University for this amazing opportunity. And thank you mentors!
Thank you Mr Wei Shan from Sanraj! You gave me a lot of good advice for my career.
MSE Work Shadowing Day 7!
Day 7
Sanraj's and Xuan Wei's experience (Week 2: Drug Coating)
Today for the first half of the day, Xuan Wei and I focused on what we were about to for the challenge presentation this coming Friday and our mentor gave us some guiding questions to consider when we were thinking of our solution to our problem. FINALLY, we came up with an idea and of course we can't disclose it here hehe. Let's wait till Friday! Anyways, for the second half of the day, we assisted our mentor with his experiment. For the experiment, we were taught how to use the laser micrometer (too chim) to measure the thickness of the hydro-gel that was coated on top of the ureteric stent.
The process above of measuring the thickness of the hydro-gel was very pain-staking and meticulous.
As the hydro-gel was not coated uniformly on top of the stent, we had to measure both the maximum and minimum thickness for a total of 9 stents. Phew it took us up to 30-40 minutes. Next, we carried on with the our mentor's own experiment. As his experiment is new in the field, it must be kept classified. Anyways, after assisting our mentor , today I learnt that scientists need to have the skills of being patient and being careful with their work. Also, they must have the resilience and determination to achieve their desired results ( our mentor demonstrated these qualities!! :) ). This experiment would take some time to complete and hence, it would be pushed till the next day.
After today, we picked up on new skills and learnt more on what a scientist's life is about and pushed us further to strive for that field. Can't wait for the next day to continue on with the experiment!!
Jun Yang and Ying Li's experience (Week 2: Batteries)
Today we were greeted by our mentor in the morning and he brought us into the lab which was filled with expensive equipment.
We had to put on things including hairnets and face-mask before we went in and our mentor then gave us a tour around the lab which was pretty big.
He explained to us roughly what each machine was for and how it worked. One machine that looked particularly interesting was the gloveboxes whereby reactive materials was handled. The glovebox is filled with argon, an inert gas and hence this creates a safe space for the scientists to handle reactive things such as the lithium metal.
There were several other machinery also including the X-Ray machine, the battery testers, one of which costed $40k. Yea, IKR. Being surrounded by all these expensive equipment really made the both of us extra cautious when going around the lab. After the interesting tour where our mentor had also started preparing some materials to be used to make cells, he gave us time to relax at the office pantry to wait for the materials to be ready. These materials had to be cleaned in a machine and thus we relaxed in the comfortable pantry which had lots of refreshments too.
Sanraj's and Xuan Wei's experience (Week 2: Drug Coating)
Today for the first half of the day, Xuan Wei and I focused on what we were about to for the challenge presentation this coming Friday and our mentor gave us some guiding questions to consider when we were thinking of our solution to our problem. FINALLY, we came up with an idea and of course we can't disclose it here hehe. Let's wait till Friday! Anyways, for the second half of the day, we assisted our mentor with his experiment. For the experiment, we were taught how to use the laser micrometer (too chim) to measure the thickness of the hydro-gel that was coated on top of the ureteric stent.
The process above of measuring the thickness of the hydro-gel was very pain-staking and meticulous.
As the hydro-gel was not coated uniformly on top of the stent, we had to measure both the maximum and minimum thickness for a total of 9 stents. Phew it took us up to 30-40 minutes. Next, we carried on with the our mentor's own experiment. As his experiment is new in the field, it must be kept classified. Anyways, after assisting our mentor , today I learnt that scientists need to have the skills of being patient and being careful with their work. Also, they must have the resilience and determination to achieve their desired results ( our mentor demonstrated these qualities!! :) ). This experiment would take some time to complete and hence, it would be pushed till the next day.
After today, we picked up on new skills and learnt more on what a scientist's life is about and pushed us further to strive for that field. Can't wait for the next day to continue on with the experiment!!
Jun Yang and Ying Li's experience (Week 2: Batteries)
Today we were greeted by our mentor in the morning and he brought us into the lab which was filled with expensive equipment.
We had to put on things including hairnets and face-mask before we went in and our mentor then gave us a tour around the lab which was pretty big.
He explained to us roughly what each machine was for and how it worked. One machine that looked particularly interesting was the gloveboxes whereby reactive materials was handled. The glovebox is filled with argon, an inert gas and hence this creates a safe space for the scientists to handle reactive things such as the lithium metal.
The Glove Box
There were several other machinery also including the X-Ray machine, the battery testers, one of which costed $40k. Yea, IKR. Being surrounded by all these expensive equipment really made the both of us extra cautious when going around the lab. After the interesting tour where our mentor had also started preparing some materials to be used to make cells, he gave us time to relax at the office pantry to wait for the materials to be ready. These materials had to be cleaned in a machine and thus we relaxed in the comfortable pantry which had lots of refreshments too.
The Pantry
After the relaxing break where I almost fell asleep, our mentor came and brought us to the lab again. It was time to make the cells in the glovebox. Our mentor showed us a demo and allowed us to try doing it too. It may eem tedious and scary to be using such advanced materials but it was fun putting together the pieces of the battery. We laughed at how shaky our hands was as both of us trembled at the thought of causing accidents in the lab or spoiling such an expensive equipment.
MSE Work Shadowing day 6!
Sanraj's and Xuan Wei's experience (week 2: Drug coating)
This week, we were tasked to carry out the drug coating with our new mentor: Mr Lim Wei Shan (soon to be holding a PhD ). First, we were introduced to the ureteric stent, a device placed inside the ureter to connect the kidney to the bladder. Each end of the stent curls into the shape of a circle and leads from the kidney to the ureter to the bladder.
The purpose of the stent is to hold open the ureter and prevent the walls of the ureter from getting compressed (Ureteric Stricture) so that there is a smooth flow of urine.
In today's world, some scientists are trying to put 2 layers of coating around the stent. On the first layer, it is coated with the drug that is hydrophobic and the next layer, with expendable hydro-gel. This has not been commercialized yet and a lot of research is being done in this area.
The stent shown below is a bare stent without any coating. It is a thin piece of polymer which runs approximately 20cm in length and 0.2cm in diameter.
Could you imagine this long strand of Polymer, Silicon and Hydrogel being inserted into your body? OMG gives me the chills, especially after Wei Shan told us it was inserted through the urethra.
Next, we went into yellow room to assist Wei Shan with his experiment. Here, we garnered the skills of using the micro-pipette, syringe and the automated-crimper.
Using the micro-pipette and syringe, we transferred samples into small valves for testing later on.
As you can see, Xuan Wei and I are transferring the samples using the syringe into small brown valves.
This was a very tedious and meticulous process and one mistake could cause us to start all over again. However, it was a fruitful experience as we handled much more technologically-savvy equipment than what our JC tutors had to offer for chemistry and physics practical lessons. (For JC, we only use measuring cylinders and burettes)
We used the crimper to seal the caps of the valves tightly so that none of the samples would spill out easily. Next, we brought our samples to the High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).
The HPLC is a very complex machine as there 6 parts to it.
We placed the valves into the HPLC which allowed us to quantify the concentration of the drug inside the samples which can then be applied to the ureteric stent.
This is what the tedious process looks like. We must first wait for the pressure inside the HPLC to stabilize. Only then can the robotic arm in the machine extract samples from the valves to test them. This would take awhile so we went to eat lunch during this period.
All in all, this was a meaningful experience as we were given the opportunity to handle expensive lab equipment which we would not be able to find back in our JC and also, since we are physics students, we have never dwelled into the field of biology which we were allowed to do so today and we must say, it was a pretty experiential one.
JunYang and Ying Li's experience (Week 2: Batteries)
Today we were both greeted by our very friendly mentor who is a brilliant person. He brought us to the Research Techno-Plaza at NTU where he worked and first sat us down in a meeting room where he started to introduce to us what he was working on; Lithium Ion Batteries. He started by introducing the classification of batteries and from there he started talking about Lithium Ion batteries which is a popular type of rechargeable battery that had high energy density, small memory effect and only a slow loss of charge when not in use. However he has said that since Lithium is reactive, accidents may happen. He then proceeded to leave us to do our own research so that we could clarify our doubts and ask him questions after that. We had the whole meeting room to ourselves where we could make our own coffee and have sweets that were on the table.
This week, we were tasked to carry out the drug coating with our new mentor: Mr Lim Wei Shan (soon to be holding a PhD ). First, we were introduced to the ureteric stent, a device placed inside the ureter to connect the kidney to the bladder. Each end of the stent curls into the shape of a circle and leads from the kidney to the ureter to the bladder.
The purpose of the stent is to hold open the ureter and prevent the walls of the ureter from getting compressed (Ureteric Stricture) so that there is a smooth flow of urine.
In today's world, some scientists are trying to put 2 layers of coating around the stent. On the first layer, it is coated with the drug that is hydrophobic and the next layer, with expendable hydro-gel. This has not been commercialized yet and a lot of research is being done in this area.
The stent shown below is a bare stent without any coating. It is a thin piece of polymer which runs approximately 20cm in length and 0.2cm in diameter.
 |
| Ureteric Stent (apprx 20 cm long) |
Next, we went into yellow room to assist Wei Shan with his experiment. Here, we garnered the skills of using the micro-pipette, syringe and the automated-crimper.
Using the micro-pipette and syringe, we transferred samples into small valves for testing later on.
As you can see, Xuan Wei and I are transferring the samples using the syringe into small brown valves.
This was a very tedious and meticulous process and one mistake could cause us to start all over again. However, it was a fruitful experience as we handled much more technologically-savvy equipment than what our JC tutors had to offer for chemistry and physics practical lessons. (For JC, we only use measuring cylinders and burettes)
We used the crimper to seal the caps of the valves tightly so that none of the samples would spill out easily. Next, we brought our samples to the High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).
The HPLC is a very complex machine as there 6 parts to it.
We placed the valves into the HPLC which allowed us to quantify the concentration of the drug inside the samples which can then be applied to the ureteric stent.
This is what the tedious process looks like. We must first wait for the pressure inside the HPLC to stabilize. Only then can the robotic arm in the machine extract samples from the valves to test them. This would take awhile so we went to eat lunch during this period.
All in all, this was a meaningful experience as we were given the opportunity to handle expensive lab equipment which we would not be able to find back in our JC and also, since we are physics students, we have never dwelled into the field of biology which we were allowed to do so today and we must say, it was a pretty experiential one.
JunYang and Ying Li's experience (Week 2: Batteries)
Today we were both greeted by our very friendly mentor who is a brilliant person. He brought us to the Research Techno-Plaza at NTU where he worked and first sat us down in a meeting room where he started to introduce to us what he was working on; Lithium Ion Batteries. He started by introducing the classification of batteries and from there he started talking about Lithium Ion batteries which is a popular type of rechargeable battery that had high energy density, small memory effect and only a slow loss of charge when not in use. However he has said that since Lithium is reactive, accidents may happen. He then proceeded to leave us to do our own research so that we could clarify our doubts and ask him questions after that. We had the whole meeting room to ourselves where we could make our own coffee and have sweets that were on the table.
The Meeting Room
Of course we enjoyed the refreshments and did our research on the batteries, coming up with a few questions to ask our mentor. We clarified our doubts as he answered our questions with ease and he seemed really really knowledgeable about it as he could remember the different temperatures and all that.
Researching on the batteries
Lastly he also brought us around the building as he showed us the lab from the outside and as we walked around we found posters and papers that was written by our mentor himself, which really left us in awe. He even brought us to the pantry where he said we could go and relax in. The day ended there and he told us he would bring us into the lab tomorrow where we would be able to work with the batteries and machinery. :)
MSE work shadowing day 5!
Day 5
Sanraj's and Xuan Wei's experience (week 1 Batteries):
Today, we finally got view how to make other types of batteries such as the batteries that ran on aluminium and copper foils. Yesterday, the fume hood's glass panel shattered so we were not able to view how the batteries were made. Hence today, our mentor assigned one of his graduate students to take us under his wings and show us how the battery was made.
On the left is an example of a battery that can be bendable. It is mostly used in phones and tablets where its small size and volume can fully function the phone and tablet to its maximum potential.
To make this battery, we must use 2 types of foils: Aluminum and Copper.
The darker-bronze coloured foil is the copper foil
The shinier foil is the aluminium foil.
We must then place the electrolyte and Lithium and graphite between these 2 foils. To do so, we must paint the foils with a paste.
Using this paste, we are able to stick the Lithium and Graphite to the foils without them falling.
This is what the paste looks like after it has been pasted and dried using a vacuum cupboard.
There are different types of pastes as we can see here and all have different purposes.
Next we place all the materials together using this equipment (don't quite know what is the actual name for it) which creates a vacuum inside a small tube. It allows us to put all the content for the building of the battery into the tube that can ultimately be transferred into a glove box for the making of the battery in an Argon-only environment.
We can also add 3 types of chemicals to the batteries: Corrosive, Inorganic and Flammable.
We will then get a final product that looks something like this:
As you can see, we can create a myriad designs of battery that have different purposes. Some for phones, watches, cars etc.
To test the battery's functionality, we can test it using this device (which also we don't really know the name):
We must plug in crocodile clips to the cathodes and anodes of the battery to measure the current and voltage so as to see how well the battery performs and see if it can be implemented in the long-run.
And that's it! Our journey ends here with batteries and next week, Xuan Wei and I (Sanraj) tackle drug coating. YAY!
Jun Yang & Ying Li's experience (week1 drug coating):
Today our mentor had to go to NUS for certain matters so he assigned both of us the task of reading up on the research papers he had sent us previously and get to know about:
1) The current complications of the ureteral stent
2) Emerging technologies of the ureteral stent
From what the both of us read up on, we got to know about a few things.
In summary, The current complications of the ureteral stent consists of encrustation, infection, pain and discomfort caused by ureteral tissue irritation and possibly irregular peristalsis. Stent migration and failure due to external compression by malignancies/restenosis can also occur, albeit less frequently. Even though all of this sounded so chim to us, we tried our best and barely pulled through haha.
Secondly, the emerging technologies of the ureteral stent.
The ureteral stent in short is an important urological tool to aid in upper urinary tract drainage. However due to the complications it can cause as stated above, we know that it can cause serious patient morbidity and hence development to its' technology is still needed. From the research paper, ideal stents are easy to maneuver, radiopaque and affordable and this ideal stent does not exist as of yet. Currently, new coatings and stent materials have been designed to alter stent surfaces such that crystal adherence, bacterial adherence and encrustation are prevented. People are now aiming to make lighter, stronger and more bio-compatible technology as new bio-materials, coatings and drug-eluting stents have been designed i an attempt to reduce bio-film formation and subsequent infection and encrustation. As we have read the research papers, we have also found out that silver-nitrate coated stents have been used and shown to prevent the adherence of certain things and similarly coated ureteral stents are being developed and will emerge in the future. Also, we got to know that a promising and exciting future development is in the works as a tubular stent made of a polyglycolic acid mesh-coated scaffold upon which bovine chondrocytes were seeded and grown.
We also learnt that one of the main concerns that scientists and doctors have to deal with is the comfort of the patients. Ureteral stents can cause great discomfort and pain for the patients and as such much resources have been put to improve the comfort levels of the patients. If the stents cause great pain and suffering patients may be unwilling to have this stent put inside them, rendering all the new technological advancements useless. As such when designing such products, we have to keep in mind whom we are designing the products for. And as for this case comfort would be a large factor that we have to keep in mind.
All of the above may sound damn complicated but actually they are quite interesting. So many different terms for different things such as materials to learn in the future.
Even though we did not get to do any lab work today, we are both glad that we got to learn more and more.
On this last day here before meeting our new mentor for next week, we have both realised that we have learnt alot from our mentor. Be it about his field of research or about research work and the facilities in general. We learnt that being a researcher is not as simple as going to the lab every day and conducting experiments everyday. It involves alot of careful planning and thought before each experiment, and much work still needs to be done after the experiment in analysing the data and following up on it. After just 5 days of being here and having learnt a lot already, we are still excited to learn more about material science and research work in the following week. See you then!
On a side note, our mentor sent us some pictures from NUS as well!
Sanraj's and Xuan Wei's experience (week 1 Batteries):
Today, we finally got view how to make other types of batteries such as the batteries that ran on aluminium and copper foils. Yesterday, the fume hood's glass panel shattered so we were not able to view how the batteries were made. Hence today, our mentor assigned one of his graduate students to take us under his wings and show us how the battery was made.
On the left is an example of a battery that can be bendable. It is mostly used in phones and tablets where its small size and volume can fully function the phone and tablet to its maximum potential.
To make this battery, we must use 2 types of foils: Aluminum and Copper.
The darker-bronze coloured foil is the copper foil
The shinier foil is the aluminium foil.
We must then place the electrolyte and Lithium and graphite between these 2 foils. To do so, we must paint the foils with a paste.
Using this paste, we are able to stick the Lithium and Graphite to the foils without them falling.
This is what the paste looks like after it has been pasted and dried using a vacuum cupboard.
There are different types of pastes as we can see here and all have different purposes.
Next we place all the materials together using this equipment (don't quite know what is the actual name for it) which creates a vacuum inside a small tube. It allows us to put all the content for the building of the battery into the tube that can ultimately be transferred into a glove box for the making of the battery in an Argon-only environment.
We can also add 3 types of chemicals to the batteries: Corrosive, Inorganic and Flammable.
 |
| Corrosive acids |
 |
| Flammable organic chemicals |
 |
| Inorganic chemicals |
We will then get a final product that looks something like this:
As you can see, we can create a myriad designs of battery that have different purposes. Some for phones, watches, cars etc.
To test the battery's functionality, we can test it using this device (which also we don't really know the name):
We must plug in crocodile clips to the cathodes and anodes of the battery to measure the current and voltage so as to see how well the battery performs and see if it can be implemented in the long-run.
And that's it! Our journey ends here with batteries and next week, Xuan Wei and I (Sanraj) tackle drug coating. YAY!
Jun Yang & Ying Li's experience (week1 drug coating):
Today our mentor had to go to NUS for certain matters so he assigned both of us the task of reading up on the research papers he had sent us previously and get to know about:
1) The current complications of the ureteral stent
2) Emerging technologies of the ureteral stent
From what the both of us read up on, we got to know about a few things.
In summary, The current complications of the ureteral stent consists of encrustation, infection, pain and discomfort caused by ureteral tissue irritation and possibly irregular peristalsis. Stent migration and failure due to external compression by malignancies/restenosis can also occur, albeit less frequently. Even though all of this sounded so chim to us, we tried our best and barely pulled through haha.
Secondly, the emerging technologies of the ureteral stent.
The ureteral stent in short is an important urological tool to aid in upper urinary tract drainage. However due to the complications it can cause as stated above, we know that it can cause serious patient morbidity and hence development to its' technology is still needed. From the research paper, ideal stents are easy to maneuver, radiopaque and affordable and this ideal stent does not exist as of yet. Currently, new coatings and stent materials have been designed to alter stent surfaces such that crystal adherence, bacterial adherence and encrustation are prevented. People are now aiming to make lighter, stronger and more bio-compatible technology as new bio-materials, coatings and drug-eluting stents have been designed i an attempt to reduce bio-film formation and subsequent infection and encrustation. As we have read the research papers, we have also found out that silver-nitrate coated stents have been used and shown to prevent the adherence of certain things and similarly coated ureteral stents are being developed and will emerge in the future. Also, we got to know that a promising and exciting future development is in the works as a tubular stent made of a polyglycolic acid mesh-coated scaffold upon which bovine chondrocytes were seeded and grown.
We also learnt that one of the main concerns that scientists and doctors have to deal with is the comfort of the patients. Ureteral stents can cause great discomfort and pain for the patients and as such much resources have been put to improve the comfort levels of the patients. If the stents cause great pain and suffering patients may be unwilling to have this stent put inside them, rendering all the new technological advancements useless. As such when designing such products, we have to keep in mind whom we are designing the products for. And as for this case comfort would be a large factor that we have to keep in mind.
All of the above may sound damn complicated but actually they are quite interesting. So many different terms for different things such as materials to learn in the future.
Even though we did not get to do any lab work today, we are both glad that we got to learn more and more.
On this last day here before meeting our new mentor for next week, we have both realised that we have learnt alot from our mentor. Be it about his field of research or about research work and the facilities in general. We learnt that being a researcher is not as simple as going to the lab every day and conducting experiments everyday. It involves alot of careful planning and thought before each experiment, and much work still needs to be done after the experiment in analysing the data and following up on it. After just 5 days of being here and having learnt a lot already, we are still excited to learn more about material science and research work in the following week. See you then!
On a side note, our mentor sent us some pictures from NUS as well!
MSE work shadowing day 4!
Day 4:
Sanraj's and Xuan Wei's experience (week 1 batteries):
Today, we were pretty excited to go down to the lab to observe how bendable batteries were being made. This lab was located at the MSE building. However, our mentor got a call from one of his graduate students which informed him that there was a mishap in one of the labs at MSE. Coincidentally, it was the lab in which we were supposed to observe how the bendable batteries were being made. Hence, we couldn't enter the lab due to safety reasons and our observation of how flexible batteries were being made was postponed to the following day :(
Jun Yang and Ying Li's experience (week 1 drug coating):
Today we got to meet one of the students who was also attached under our mentor and she was very nice and friendly. Together, we went to observe the rheometer in action with our mentor. The rheometer was a very cool piece of machinery which can be used to measure the way in which a liquid, suspension or slurry flows in response to applied forces (e.g. Shear force). Whilst observing our mentor using the machine, we saw how precise the users had to be as he adjusted the sample back and forth until the positioning of everything was just right.
Rheometer
Our mentor also showed us his work which he had to DIY himself and he shared with us how engineering involves a lot of handicraft work and obtaining cheap prototype materials on our own at bookshops such as popular and what not. We learnt that even though engineers may perceived to be scientists with large equipment and facilities, they all had to start with prototypes that are made with simple materials that all of us can have access to. Perhaps even children can be introduced to science in this method with easy to make prototypes to encourage learning in children, and instill a habit of loving science from a young age.
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